Cerebral Oximetry and Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

T he article by Ibrahim et al in this issue of JAHA describes how cerebral oximetry measured during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is associated with restoration of pulses and survival. The authors consider whether this technology, which is portable, noninvasive, and easy to apply, could be used to guide resuscitation. They wisely provide tempered enthusiasm for this technology, and their data add to a literature about physiological monitoring during CPR. Measuring the quality of performance of CPR during resuscitation is a high priority. Long pauses in chest compressions, inadequate depth of compressions, or incorrect rates of compressions can reduce survival. Consequently, devices to provide feedback to providers about depth, rate, leaning, and continuity of chest compressions have been deployed in clinical practice. Unfortunately, none of these devices measure physiological effects of CPR that are most important to promote patient survival. Intriguing evidence about the importance of physiological feedback for improving CPR comes from several laboratory studies. In swine, when providers titrated chest compressions to an arterial blood pressure tracing during CPR, they achieved better survival, and this improvement was associated with improved cerebral perfusion. This fact is very important for CPR that occurs in the intensive care unit or operating room, where such monitors might be in place. Arterial monitors have rarely been placed in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, aside from a few research studies. An easily and rapidly deployed monitor that could guide CPR is a priority for improving out-of-hospital resuscitation. The current article explored cerebral oximetry specifically to address the need for monitoring during CPR. Cerebral oximetry passes light of various wavelengths through tissue of the head and measures absorbance at wavelengths corresponding to oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin. The calculated saturation thus corresponds to a mixture of venous ( 2/ 3 of blood in the region) and arterial blood ( 1/3 of blood in the region) saturation. Presumably, when oxygen delivery is impaired, oxygen extraction will increase, and venous oxygen saturation will fall. Thus, the oximeter will detect changes in the balance of oxygen delivery and oxygen utilization. Several factors may dissociate oximetry from actual oxygen delivery including venous congestion (that changes ratio of venous to arterial blood), edema, and shunting. The central conclusion of this present study is that higher cerebral oximetry during resuscitation is associated with better outcomes. While this finding suggests that this instrument might be used to monitor CPR delivery, this article did not test whether oximetry values vary when providers adjust their interventions. An important next study should test whether providers can actually use the cerebral oximetry results to guide resuscitation. Correlations of cerebral oxygenation, measured using the same and other perfusion monitors, with outcomes in human CPR have been reported in a number of other studies. Taken together, several conclusions appear to be well established: (1) cerebral oxygenation is very low during CPR, (2) cerebral oxygen measurements rise after restoration of pulses, and (3) the absence of recovery of cerebral oxygen to near-normal levels portends a bad outcome. This study also confirmed the observation that absolute values of cerebral oxygenation after return of pulses are very difficult to interpret. Probably one of the greatest concerns about cerebral oximetry is whether the light path actually reaches the brain. Elegant studies have shown that the sensors detect a significant amount of light from shallower paths through the scalp. To some extent, this technical uncertainty does not matter. While the brain may be the most interesting organ in which to study perfusion during resuscitation, in most shock states, oxygen delivery to superficial compartments will probably correlate with oxygen delivery to the brain. As long as the measurements provided by the devices are related to the outcomes of resuscitation, the measurements may be useful to guide clinical care. The opinions expressed in this article are not necessarily those of the editors or of the American Heart Association. From the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA. Correspondence to: Clifton W. Callaway, MD, PhD, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Iroquois 400A, 3600 Forbes Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15260. E-mail: [email protected] J Am Heart Assoc. 2015;4:e002373 doi: 10.1161/JAHA.115.002373. a 2015 The Authors. Published on behalf of the American Heart Association, Inc., by Wiley Blackwell. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes.